Before addressing the topic of criminal activity and justice in global relations, it is important to first briefly assess how the concept of global justice is treated in unique theoretical traditions. The concept of justice as it has evolved over time has been the subject of intense debate among students and political thinkers. Ronald Dworkin argues that all tactics for achieving justice are based on completely unusual assumptions, but have unique interpretations. He offers a summary of the equality thesis, viz. "the hobbies of community participants count and count equally." All modern legal theories try to deal with these two questions: "What are the hobbies of people" and "what follows from the assumption that the hobbies are similar." variations remain, but these questions are clearly answered. on the other hand, it has been argued that contested legal theories are based entirely on values that may be exceptional in nature; exceptional processes offer their own "extreme political beliefs" such as "equality in Marxism, liberty in libertarianism, utility in utilitarianism, contractual equality in liberal egalitarianism, general precision in communitarians, and androgyny in feminism."