ISSN: 2265-6294

Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Intolerance and racism

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Fatima Al-Zubaidi

Abstract

According to Ibn Khaldun, the basis of social solidarity is irritability. As he himself stated, "Protection, defense and seeking rights of each other can only be possible with nervousness. This also applies to all kinds of social activities carried out jointly" (Ibn Khaldun, 2015: 350). Irritability forms the basis of all kinds of social structures, solidarity and movements. Ibn Khaldun's concept of irritability does not only explain a certain dimension of a particular society. This concept covers all areas of social life as the key and central concept of sociology

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