Tax law in India is a complex and ever-evolving field, governing the levy and collection of taxes by “the central and state governments.” This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Indian tax system, encompassing its history, key legislation, and significant judicial pronouncements. It delves into “direct taxes like income tax and corporate tax, along with indirect taxes like the Goods and Services Tax (GST).” The paper explores crucial concepts such as tax incidence, exemptions, and deductions, alongside the administrative framework for assessment, collection, and dispute resolution. Examining landmark cases, the paper highlights the judiciary's role in shaping tax law and providing clarity on contentious issues. Finally, the paper discusses contemporary challenges and future prospects for the Indian tax system, including the need for simplification, improved compliance, and adaptation to the digital economy.