- The increasing usage of vehicles, including four-wheeled, two-wheeled, and others, has led to a corresponding rise in the disposal of used tires. In India, discarded tires are classified as hazardous or solid waste. It is estimated that approximately 60% of these tires are disposed of through unknown channels in both urban and rural areas. This improper disposal poses numerous environmental challenges, including air pollution from open burning of tires, which can release hazardous pollutants such as dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, as well as visual pollution. To address these issues, it is crucial to effectively utilize waste materials as technology advances in various fields. One potential solution is to process old tires into rubber aggregates, which can then be utilized as properly sized aggregates in various bituminous mixtures. This approach not only reduces reliance on finite traditional aggregates but also helps mitigate pollution stemming from discarded tires. The construction materials sector has been actively exploring ways to repurpose waste materials, such as worn-out tires, into functional and cost-effective commodities. The disposal of rubber waste from tires remains a significant environmental concern globally