Cellulose, a ubiquitous biopolymer derived from plant cell walls, finds extensive application in water treatment processes due to its remarkable properties. This abstract explores the diverse uses and benefits of cellulose in water treatment applications. Cellulose-based materials serve as effective adsorbents for removing various contaminants from water, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and dyes, owing to their high surface area, porosity, and functional groups. Moreover, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate enhance water treatment efficiency through membrane filtration processes, facilitating the separation of impurities from water streams. The eco-friendly nature of cellulose-based materials aligns with the growing demand for sustainable water treatment solutions, offering a renewable alternative to conventional synthetic polymers. Furthermore, the facile modification and functionalization of cellulose enable tailored designs for specific water treatment needs, enhancing performance and selectivity. Overall, cellulose-based materials exhibit immense potential in addressing water quality challenges, contributing to the development of efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly water treatment technologies.