This article is an attempt from modern conceptual and methodological positions, on a significantly updated source base, analyze in a historical retrospective the transformation of the social stratification of society on the territory of Uzbekistan in conjunction with sociopolitical and socio-economic events since the end of the XIX century, until the end of the 1930s of XX century. The article defines the main stages of changes in the social structure of society on the territory of Uzbekistan under the colonial and Soviet regimes, studied the specific features, dynamics and trends of changes in all its social strata in each of them, rethought their role in society. The author in the course of the study identified the directions of transformation of the social composition of the society of the indigenous population of the territories that became part of the Turkestan Governor-Generalship after their conquest by the Russian Empire, and also traced the process of strengthening the layer of middle owners in Turkestan at the beginning of the XX century. Of particular importance is the rethinking from the standpoint of a new methodological approach of the essence of the policy of the Soviet government in relation to various social strata of the population, as well as the disclosure of the repressive nature of its measures for the social stratification of society on the territory of Uzbekistan in the course of political and social transformations in the 20-30s of the XX century, as a result of which the historically established strata of its indigenous population in traditional types of professional activity were practically destroyed in Uzbekistan, which had tragic consequences. The article also discusses the positive and negative aspects of the formation of new social strata of the Soviet society - industrial workers and “workerdekhkan” intelligentsia.