Education is a process of absolute elevation of individuality. It is a continual process to harmonize oneself with the moving world. So, education is closely connected with human life. It starts at birth and is constant throughout life and till death. It comprises all knowledge and experience obtained during infancy, childhood, adolescence, and youth. Education is the most influential agency in building character and ascertaining the destiny of the individual and the nation. Primary education comprises a ceaseless significant portion of the whole structure of education. After preschool or kindergarten period, primary education is the first formal stage of education. Primary education, also called elementary education, begins at about 5 to 7 and ends at about 11 to 13. The education that children take up from formal institutions provides the cornerstone of their physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, and social development. Primary education is necessary for all development of an underdeveloped state like Assam. The state of Assam is well known for its fettered education system since time archaic. There was a home-bred system of education in the medieval period of Assam. After the independence, the government has occasionally adopted several schemes for developing primary education in the state. In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the problems of primary education in Assam with particular reference to the Nalbari District. The study also enquires about the enrollment and drop-out rate of students in the primary schools in Nalbari District. The study also suggested various necessary measures to solve the existing problems of primary schools in the selected area.