The concept of political legitimacy has long been a contested and complex issue in political science. In modern times, it faces new and multifaceted challenges. Globalization, economic inequality, technological change, and populism pose a dilemma for the sustainability of political legitimacy. This paper examines the challenges to political legitimacy in modern times and explores theoretical arguments for sustaining or challenging political legitimacy. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of addressing the challenges to political legitimacy through democratic and accountable governance.